Journal: eLife
Article Title: Synaptic deregulation of cholinergic projection neurons causes olfactory dysfunction across five fly Parkinsonism models
doi: 10.7554/elife.98348.3
Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. Cholinergic neuron activity rescues dopaminergic defects that occur at later stages in the life of Parkinson’s disease (PD) mutants. (a, left) Synaptic area of dopaminergic neuron (DAN) innervating the mushroom body in aged PD models (AuxR927G, synjR258Q, or LRRK2G2019S) and with or without GH146-Gal4-driven expression of the wild-type PD gene (aux or synj) or EndoAS75D, respectively. Bars: mean ± SEM. n≥5, *p<0.05 in ANOVA, Dunnett’s test. (a, right) Startle-induced negative geotaxis (SING) of the PD models with or without GH146-Gal4-driven expression of wild-type gene or endoAS75D. Points: mean ± SEM. n≥5, *p<0.05 in two-way ANOVA. Gray zone: variance of controls. (b) Odor choice performance, stimulus-induced changes in synaptic Ca2+ signal and olfactory projection neuron (OPN) synapse area of young controls and hLRRK2G2019S flies with or without chronic nicotine (Nic) feeding (up to 1 day before testing). Bars: mean ± SEM. n≥5 assays, *p<0.05 in ANOVA, Dunnett’s test. (c) SING, stimulus-induced changes in synaptic Ca2+ and DAN synapse area of aged controls and hLRRKG2019S flies with or without chronic application of nicotine. Bars: mean ± SEM. n≥5 assays, *p<0.05 in ANOVA, Dunnett’s test. (d) Confocal images of differentiated (60 days) wild-type and LRRK2G2019S ventral midbrain DAN labeled with the ventral midbrain marker FOXA2, dopaminergic marker TH, and neuronal marker MAP2. Scale bar: 20 µm. (e) Scheme of the treatment protocol and spontaneous Ca2+ activity (e’) and amplitude (e’’) of human induced DAN, 2 days after 20 days of no treatment (Ctrl), nicotine (Nic) treatment or nicotine+mecamylamine (Nic+Meca) treatment. Bars: mean ± SEM. n≥60 DAN from three independent differentiations, *p<0.05 in ANOVA, Dunnett’s test.
Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: mouse IgG1 anti- SOX2 (1:200 [Santa Cruz]), rabbit anti- OCT4 (1:50 [Abcam]), mouse IgG1 anti- NANOG (1:50 [Santa Cruz]), mouse IgM anti- TRA- 1–81 (1:100 [Sigma]), rabbit anti- LMX1A/B (1:1000 [Millipore]), mouse IgG2a anti- FOXA2 (1:250 [Santa Cruz]), mouse IgG1 anti- OTX2 (1:100 [Santa Cruz]), rabbit anti- TH (1:500 [Sigma]), mouse IgG1 anti- MAP2 (1:1000 [Sigma]), Alexa Fluor- 488/Alexa Fluor- 555/Alexa Fluor- 647 conjugated secondary antibodies (1:500 [Invitrogen]).
Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Labeling, Marker